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French to English: L'histoire de l'ordinateur General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Computers (general)
Source text - French L’homme a toujours eu besoin de compter. Au cours de la Préhistoire, il ne savait
calculer qu’à l’aide de cailloux (latin : calculi) ou de ses mains, qui furent sans doute les
premières calculatrices de poche. On trouve des traces de symboles et de chiffres dans
certaines civilisations de l’Antiquité, quelques millénaires avant notre ère. Chinois,
Égyptiens, Sumériens, Babyloniens, Grecs ou Romains, tous avaient des symboles
numériques et des méthodes pour compter et calculer.
Ces systèmes de numération s’inspiraient naturellement du nombre de doigts; c’est ainsi
que les Romains, par exemple, établirent des symboles spéciaux pour indiquer 5 et 10
unités (V et X). Dans certaines civilisations pieds-nus utilisant les mains et les pieds pour
compter, le nombre 20 était parfois choisi comme base de numération. Dans certaines
régions asiatiques, on comptait en se servant des articulations des doigts ou des
phalanges, d’où des numérations en base 12, 14, 15, 24, 30, 60, etc.
Les doigts ont servi à nos ancêtres pour compter et pour effectuer toutes sortes
d’opérations arithmétiques. On retrouve des traditions de calcul digital chez les anciens
Égyptiens, les Grecs et les Romains, mais aussi chez les Chinois, les Aztèques du
Mexique précolombien, les Indiens, les Persans, les Arabes, etc.
Curieusement, on utilise, en langue anglaise, le terme de calcul digital dans la nouvelle
science informatique, le mot digit ayant le sens de chiffre. En français, on parlera plutôt
de calcul numérique pour éviter un contresens. Dans les ordinateurs, on utilise des bits
(le terme bit est la contraction de l’expression anglaise binary digit), l’écriture binaire des
nombres ne comportant que les deux chiffres 0 et 1.
La plus naturelle et la plus répandue des numérations était celle qui comptait en base 10
et elle nous est parvenue à travers les siècles avec ses symboles introduits par les Indiens,
modifiés et complétés par les Arabes. Notre système décimal actuel est le résultat de cette
évolution et des moyens mis en œuvre pour lui donner des formes adaptées à l’expression
écrite et orale et aux méthodes de calcul.
Translation - English Man has always needed to count. During prehistory, he did not know
calculate only with the help of pebbles (Latin: calculi) or his hands, which were undoubtedly the
first pocket calculators. There are traces of symbols and numbers in
certain civilizations of antiquity, a few millennia before our era. Chinese,
Egyptians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Greeks or Romans, all had symbols
numbers and methods for counting and calculating.
These numeral systems were naturally inspired by the number of fingers; this is how
that the Romans, for example, established special symbols to indicate 5 and 10
units (V and X). In some barefoot civilizations using the hands and feet to
to count, the number 20 was sometimes chosen as the base of numeration. In certain
Asian regions, we counted using the joints of the fingers or
phalanges, hence numbers in base 12, 14, 15, 24, 30, 60, etc.
The fingers were used by our ancestors to count and to perform all kinds
arithmetic operations. We find traditions of digital calculation among the ancients
Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, but also among the Chinese, the Aztecs of
Pre-Columbian Mexico, Indians, Persians, Arabs, etc.
Curiously, one uses, in English language, the term of digital calculation in the news
computer science, the word digit having the meaning of figure. In French, we will rather speak
numerical calculation to avoid misinterpretation. Computers use bits
(the term bit is the contraction of the English expression binary digit), the binary writing of
numbers containing only the two digits 0 and 1.
The most natural and the most widespread of the numerations was that which counted in base 10
and it has come down to us through the centuries with its symbols introduced by the Indians,
modified and completed by the Arabs. Our current decimal system is the result of this
evolution and the means implemented to give it forms adapted to the expression
written and oral and calculation methods.
English (Educational Testing Service - TOEFL) French (Institute of Translation and Interpreting) English to French (Institute of Translation and Interpreting) French to English (Institute of Translation and Interpreting)
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Haven studied many years in variety of different uncorellated subjects and the fact that i was born in a country in which both english and french are native languages, i will be in measure of giving my clients my best..let's build the empire together
Member since Jun '22
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