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Mandarin Chinese to English: Utility Model Patent General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 本实用新型涉及一种带裁纸机构的卫生纸容器，其盒体内腔中间位置安装有轴芯，盒体两侧有夹层，把手的两端各为一旋转轴，分别穿过盒体两侧夹层卡在盒体内层侧壁上的槽内，一侧夹层内的把手转轴上固定有杠杆并安装有压杆，另一侧夹层的把手转轴上安装有带棘轮的大齿轮及杠杆，大齿轮通过一小齿轮与偏心轮同轴的小齿轮啮合，杠杆通过其上的弹簧片与棘轮配合。本实用新型实用方便、卫生、减少卫生纸的浪费。
Translation - English The present utility model relates to a sanitary tissue paper dispenser with a paper-cutting mechanism, wherein a spindle is mounted in the middle of the inner chamber of the dispenser’s casing, with an interlayer provided at each side of said casing; both ends of the handle comprise a rotating shaft, each of which separately traverses the interlayers on both sides of the casing and are secured in a groove on the side wall of the casing’s inner layer; a lever is fixed to the handle’s rotating shaft at the interlayer on one side, with a pressure lever mounted thereon, while a large gear wheel with a ratchet and a lever are mounted on the handle’s rotating shaft at the interlayer on the other side; the large gear wheel meshes with an eccentric coaxial gear via a pinion, while the lever fits to the ratchet wheel via a spring plate provided thereon. The present utility model is easy to use, sanitary and reduces sanitary tissue paper waste.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Contract Sample General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law: Contract(s)
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 第十一条 保密条款
甲乙双方均不得将获取的对方营业数据和其他商业秘密透露给任何第三方，但工商、税务、司法等政府部门依法要求提供的情形除外。未经对方书面同意，任何一方均不得向第三方透露本协议的内容。甲乙双方任何一方违反保密条款，造成对方经济损失，违约方应承担相应赔偿责任。
第十二条 期限
本协议自甲乙双方签字并盖章之日起生效，至双方签署的《南宁华润中心万象城商铺租赁合同》效力终止时或至2014年12月31日终止（两者以较早者为准）。双方应在协议终止并甲方取得乙方增值税专用发票后的3个工作日内结清全部款项。本协议的签订、解除、被撤销或终止并不影响甲乙双方基于租赁合同应承担的责任和义务。
Translation - English Article 11 Confidentiality
Party A and Party B shall not disclose to any third party any business data or other trade secrets of the other party to which they are privy, unless required to do so in accordance with law by an industrial and commercial, tax or judicial authority or other government department. Absent the written consent of the other party, neither party may disclose the terms of this Agreement to any third party. Where either party’s breach of this Confidentiality Clause causes the other party to suffer economic losses, the breaching party shall be held liable for compensation accordingly.
Article 12 Term
This Agreement shall come into force from the date on which Party A and Party B affix their signatures and seals hereto, and shall terminate either upon the termination of the Nanning China Resources MIXC Mall Lease Contract or on November 31, 2014 (whichever date is earlier). The parties shall settle all accounts within three (3) business days of the termination of this Agreement and Party A’s receipt of a special VAT invoice from Party B. The execution, rescission, cancellation or termination of this Agreement shall not affect the responsibilities and obligations of the parties under the Lease Contract.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Adapted Application of the Criminal Law in Ethnic Autonomous Regions General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 九十.【民族自治地方刑法适用的变通】民族自治地方不能全部适用本法规定的，可以由自治区或者省的人民代表大会根据当地民族的政治、经济、文化的特点和本法规定的基本原则，制定变通或者补充的规定，报请全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准施行。
Translation - English Article 90 [Adapted Application of the Criminal Law in Ethnic Autonomous Regions] In cases where the provisions of this Law are not fully applicable to an ethnic autonomous region, the people’s congress of the autonomous region or province in question may formulate modified or supplementary provisions based on the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles set forth in this Law, and submit the same to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for approval and implementation.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Production or Sale of Counterfeit Drugs General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 一百四十一.【生产、销售假药罪】生产、销售假药的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处罚金；对人体健康造成严重危害或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；致人死亡或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑，并处罚金或者没收财产。
Translation - English Article 141 [Producing or Selling Counterfeit Drugs] Anyone who produces or sells counterfeit drugs will be sentenced to up to three (3) years’ imprisonment or criminal detention, and be subject to a fine; where the production or sale of such drugs causes serious harm to a person’s health or where other serious circumstances exist, [the offender] will be sentenced to between three (3) and ten (10) years’ imprisonment, and be subject to a fine; where the production or sale of such drugs results in death or where other particularly serious circumstances exist, [the offender] will be sentenced to a minimum of ten (10) years’ imprisonment, indefinite imprisonment or death, and will be subject to a fine or confiscation of property.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Chongqing Municipal People’s Government Work Report for 2019 General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Government / Politics
2019 marked the 70th anniversary of the founding of the New China. It was also an extraordinary year in terms of Chongqing’s development, and a year in which we forged ahead with gratitude and hard work. From April 15th to 17th, General Secretary Xi Jinping visited Chongqing to give guidance and asked us to properly utilize the municipality’s “four advantages [1]” to give play to its “three roles[2],” giving Chongqing a major new mission both strategically and in the broad view, which in turn has given us fundamental guidance and powerful motivation. On August 26, the General Secretary once again sent a congratulatory letter to the Smart Expo, giving further guidance as to the direction in which we are to take the intelligent transformation of big data. The whole municipality is excited, encouraged and confident, and is preparing itself to make contributions to the new era and create new achievements.
Over the past year, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, under the direct leadership of the Chongqing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, and under the supervision and support of the Municipal People’s Congress and the Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, we continue to be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and are fully implementing the General Secretary’s strategy to position Chongqing as “Two Points[3]” with the objective of building the municipality into “Two Places” that achieve “Two Highs[4],” while giving full play to the municipality’s “three roles” and creating a good political ecology. We are promoting the Five-sphere Integrated Plan[5] and coordinating the advancement of the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy[6], continuing to seek progress while maintaining stability, thoroughly implementing new development concepts, complying with requirements for high-quality development and deepening supply-side structural reforms. We are continuing to fight the “Three Critical Battles[7],” vigorously implementing the Eight-point Action Plan, coordinating and advancing stable growth, promoting reforms, making structural adjustments, improving the livelihoods of the people and preventing against risks and maintaining stability. Furthermore, we are resolutely eliminating the pernicious influences of Sun Zhengcai, Bo Xilai and Wang Lijun. We have earnestly launched the campaign to educate Party members into staying true to the founding mission of the Party, and we have successfully held a series of activities to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of the New China. The municipality's political ecology has improved overall, the hearts and minds of the cadres and the masses have been renewed, steady progress has been made in governing the Party in a strict and comprehensive manner; while the momentum of high-quality economic development remains strong, society is harmonious and stable overall, and the people's sense of fulfillment, happiness and security continues to grow.
—Economic performance is gradually improving. The regional GDP growth rate remains within a reasonable range, increasing 6.3% during the year and reaching RMB 2.36 trillion while the per capita regional GDP exceeded USD 10,000. The industrial economy is gradually picking up again with the above-scale industrial added value increasing by 6.2%. Service industry support was bolstered and the added value of the service industry increased by 6.4%, while it contributed to economic growth at a rate of 51.3%. Commodity prices were stable overall and consumer prices rose by 2.7%.
—The trend of high-quality development is more evident. The optimizing of the industrial structure continues as the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries accelerates, while the added value of high-tech manufacturing and strategic emerging industries increased by 12.6% and 11.6% respectively. Regional innovation capabilities continue to increase and it is estimated that total R&D spending will reach RMB 46 billion, representing an increase of 12.1%, with the number of invention patents per 10,000 people reaching 10.5, an increase of 15.2%. Quality and efficiency have steadily improved. After deducting tax reduction factors, the municipality’s tax revenue increased by about 6.6%, while the total profits of municipal State-owned enterprises increased by 8.4% and the private economy contributed to economic growth at a rate of around 55%.
—Key progress has been made in the Three Critical Battles. Poverty alleviation efforts have been remarkably effective, and the prominent issues addressed by the “Two Assurances and Three Guarantees[8]” campaign have been dynamically resolved. Chengkou, Wuxi, Youyang and Pengshui counties have been lifted out of poverty together with 114,400 impoverished residents, while the poverty incidence rate throughout the municipality has dropped to 0.12%. The quality of the ecological environment has continued to improve: Water quality in the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River was generally optimal and there were 316 days with good air quality, while the average PM2.5 concentration dropped by 5%. Financial risks are being effectively prevented and controlled. Non-performing rates in the banking sector, the non-performing rates of small loans and financing guarantee compensation rates are among the lowest in China, and government debt risks are generally controllable.
—There have been welcome changes to the urban and rural landscape. Living environments in rural areas have continued to improve and 25,000 kilometers of new roads have been built under the Four Good Rural Roads campaign, including 6,762 kilometers of access roads. 39,000 dilapidated buildings and houses in rural areas have been renovated, sanitary latrine coverage in rural areas has reached 79.7%, and the effective treatment rate of domestic waste in administrative villages has reached 93%. The quality of urban functions is further improving with continuous improvements to modern and comprehensive transportation networks, the acceleration of the construction of ten large public spaces under the “Two Rivers, Four Banks[9]” plan, the renovation of 50,000 shantytowns, and the greening and beautifying of 125 plots along slopes, ridges and cliffs, covering 5.77 million square meters. Construction has begun on 11 key mountain-city trails, 50 community sports and cultural parks are filling in the small edges and corners of idle land, and seven major comprehensive urban management works are being steadily launched to speed up the creation of an urban environment that is clean, tidy and orderly with picturesque scenery and which is a great destination for business, living and travel.
—People's living standards are improving steadily. The per capita disposable incomes of urban and rural residents increased by 8.7% and 9.8% respectively. Basic pension and medical insurance participation rates have stabilized at more than 95%. The inclusive pre-school education coverage rate and the compulsory education retention rate reached 81.6% and 95% respectively. The “three link” county medical alliance pilot program covers 18 districts and counties, and the county-wide rate of medical consultations is higher than the national average.
Footnotes:
[The following are notes provided by the translator to clarify certain terms in the above text and do not appear in the source text]
1. Chongqing’s “four advantages” refer to its advantages in terms of geographical location, ecological environment, industry and institutions.
2. Chongqing’s “three roles” include its “supporting role in advancing western China’s development in the new era,” its “leading role in jointly developing the Belt and Road Initiative” and its “exemplary role in the green and sustainable development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.”
3. “Two Points” refers to the strategy to position Chongqing as a major strategic hub in western China along both the Belt-and-Road and the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
4. “Two Places” refer to Chongqing being a major economically competitive hub in China’s interior and a place with exquisite natural beauty; “Two Highs” refers to the objective to facilitate high-quality development and a high-quality of living.
5. The “Five-sphere Integrated Plan” is a plan to promote coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological advancements.
6. The “Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy” comprises a set of goals put forward by the General Secretary that China build a prosperous society, comprehensively deepen reforms, govern the nation based on the rule of law and that the government exercise strict governance over the Communist Party.
7. The “Three Critical Battles” refer to the preventing and defusing of financial risks, alleviating poverty and fighting pollution.
8. The “Two Assurances and Three Guarantees” are a poverty alleviation campaign that aims to ensure that poverty-stricken populations have sufficient food and clothing and are guaranteed housing security, access to compulsory education and basic medical services.
9. “Two Rivers, Four Banks” refer to the planning for Chongqing’s core urban areas along the (i) Yangtze River: the area comprising Xipengzhen Township in the Jiulongpo District to Wubao Township in the Jiangbei District; and (ii) along the Jialing River: the area comprising the urban area of the Beibei District to the Chaotianmen area of the Yuzhong District.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Trade Union Legislation General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 第十条 企业、事业单位、机关有会员二十五人以上的，应当建立基层工会委员会；不足二十五人的，可以单独建立基层工会委员会，也可以由两个以上单位的会员联合建立基层工会委员会，也可以选举组织员一人，组织会员开展活动。女职工人数较多的，可以建立工会女职工委员会，在同级工会领导下开展工作；女职工人数较少的，可以在工会委员会中设女职工委员。
企业职工较多的乡镇、城市街道，可以建立基层工会的联合会。
县级以上地方建立地方各级总工会。
同一行业或者性质相近的几个行业，可以根据需要建立全国的或者地方的产业工会。
全国建立统一的中华全国总工会。
Translation - English Article 12 Enterprises, public institutions or agencies with more than 25 members must establish a grassroots trade union committee. Enterprises, public institutions or agencies with less than 25 members may establish a grassroots trade union committee independently; or, alternatively, a grassroots trade union committee may be jointly established by the members of two or more organizations, or a single organizer may be elected to organize activities to be performed by members. If the number of female employees is relatively large, a trade union committee may be established for female employees to engage in work under the leadership of the trade union at the same level; if there are relatively few female employees, female members may be appointed to the trade union committee.
Towns and urban districts with a large number of corporate employees may establish trade union federations at the grassroots level.
Localities at or above the county level must establish local trade union federations at all levels.
Where necessary, industry-specific trade unions may be established at the local or national levels for a single industry or for several industries of a similar nature.
A uniform All-China Federation of Trade Unions shall be established throughout China.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Accounting Methods and Impairment Provisions for Long-Term Investments General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Finance (general)
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 长期股权投资收益确认方法：本公司对被投资单位具有控制、共同控制或重大影响的，长期股权投资应采用权益法核算，对被投资单位无控制、无共同控制且无重大影响的，长期股权投资采用成本法核算。
长期投资减值准备的确认标准：长期投资由于市价持续下跌或被投资企业经营状况恶化等原因导致其可收回金额低于账面价值，并且这种降低的价值在可预计的未来期间内不可能恢复，按可收回金额低于长期投资账面价值的差额，计入长期投资减值准备。
Translation - English Method for determining long-term equity investment income: In cases where the Company has control, joint control or significant influence over the investee, long-term equity investments should be accounted for using the equity method; where the Company does not have control, joint control or a significant influence over the investee, long-term equity investments should be accounted for using the cost method.
Criteria for determining impairment provisions for long-term investments: In cases where the recoverable amount of a long-term investment is lower than the book value as the result of a sustained drop in market value, the deterioration of the investee enterprise’s operating conditions or other causes, and the drop in such value cannot be restored within the foreseeable future, the difference by which the recoverable amount is lower than the book value of the long-term investment shall be included in the impairment provisions for long-term investments.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Understanding Baluns for Highly-Integrated Radio Frequency Modules General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: IT (Information Technology)
Translation - English Understanding Baluns for Highly-Integrated Radio Frequency Modules
Presently, in order to meet the increasing demand for advanced system integration, it is necessary for the RF/MMIC engineers designing multi-chip modules to perform “circuit-level” electromagnetic simulation and modeling. In addition to the typical active components, modules with full system-level functionality also require passive support circuitry. These passive components generally include the following circuitry: 90-degree couplers, 180-degree couplers, in-phase couplers, filters, diplexers and transmission line structure.
Baluns are extremely important support circuitry used in the design of high-frequency circuits. The 180-degree balun is a major component in heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) push-pull amplifiers, balanced mixers, balanced frequency multipliers, phase shifters, balanced modulators, dipole sources, unbalanced differential converters for differential signals and numerous other applications. Moreover, analog circuits may also benefit from the balun structure as such circuits require balanced inputs and outputs to reduce noise, minimize higher harmonics and increase the dynamic range of the circuits.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Chemistry Sample General field: Science Detailed field: Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 结论：
1. 运用有限元数值仿真对聚乙烯木塑复合材料胶接接头进行应力分布、应变的分析，同时运用弹塑性有限元法对三种弹性模量的胶黏剂进行胶接接头的数值模拟，高模量的环氧树脂胶黏剂的接头端部应力峰值最大，低模量的丙烯酸酯胶黏剂的接头端部的应力峰值最小。
2. 环氧树脂胶黏剂的单搭接胶接接头的Von Mises等效应力随着外载荷逐渐增大的情况下，应力峰值呈线性分布。
3. 三种胶黏剂在32KN作用力作用下X方向的应变量可以得出，环氧树脂胶黏剂胶接接头的水平应变最大，应力分布效果最差，胶接强度最好，不易开裂；丙烯酸酯的应变最小，应力峰值随着端部距离增加下降，胶接性能的强度降低。
4. 胶接接头的应力分布与胶黏剂的弹性模量、外载荷数值的大小密切相关。
5. 有限元数值仿真运用到聚乙烯热塑性复合材料具有可行性，为胶接结构的设计提供科学依据。
Translation - English Conclusion:
Finite-element numerical simulation is used to conduct a stress distribution and strain analysis of the adhesively bonded joints of polyethylene wood-plastic composite materials, while the elastoplastic finite element method is used to numerically simulate the adhesively bonded joints of the three elastic modulus adhesives. The peak stress values were highest at the joint ends of the high-modulus epoxy resin adhesives, and lowest at the joint ends of the low-modulus acrylic ester adhesives.
As the Von Mises equivalent stress of single-lap joints bonded with epoxy resin adhesives gradually increases with the external load, the peak stress value is distributed linearly.
The amount of strain in x-direction of the three adhesives under a force of 32kN indicates that adhesive joints bonded with epoxy resin adhesives have the greatest horizontal strain, the poorest stress distribution effect, and the best bonding strength, making cracking difficult; while acrylic ester had the smallest strain, with peak stress values decreasing as end distance increased and the intensity of the bonding properties fell.
The stress distribution of an adhesively bonded joint is closely associated with the size of the adhesive’s elastic modulus and external load value.
The application of finite-element numerical simulation to polyethylene thermoplastic composites is feasible and provides a scientific basis for the design of bonding structures.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Ultrasonic Hemostatic Surgical Scalpel System General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Instruments
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 超声切割止血手术刀系统（简称超声刀）利用超声能量来促成软组织的止血切割和/或凝血，是临床外科的新型手术设备；可用于除骨组织和输卵管之外的人体软组织的切割，还可用于闭合直径达5mm的血管，已较广泛应用于各种开放或腔镜手术。
与传统手术或其他能量器械相比，不仅切割精确，烟雾量少，同时无电流通过人体，给患者带来了更高的手术安全性，也给外科医生带来了操作上的便利性。
l 先进的高增益超声手柄和刀头设计，同等刀头切割振幅下，驱动电流更小，系统效率更高；
l 更快的切割速度，更小的热损伤，止血牢固，血管闭合爆破压优于同类产品；
l 刀具集切割、止血、分离、抓持等多功能于一体，手术效率更高；
l 六种不同长度和款式的刀具，充分满足各种开放和腔镜手术需求，以及不同医生的使用习惯。
Translation - English An ultrasonic hemostatic surgical scalpel system (hereinafter, “ultrasonic scalpel”) is a brand-new piece of clinical surgical equipment that uses ultrasonic energy to facilitate the hemostatic cutting and/or coagulation of soft tissue. Aside from bone tissue and fallopian tubes, the scalpel can be used to cut soft tissue in humans, and for sealing blood vessels up to 5mm in diameter. The scalpel has been widely used in a variety of open and endoscopic surgeries.
When compared to traditional surgical instruments or other surgical energy devices, the ultrasonic scalpel cuts with greater precision and less smoke output, while no electrical current passes through the human body, thereby making surgery safer for patients and offering greater operational convenience to surgeons.
The advanced high-gain ultrasonic handle and scalpel blade design boasts an equivalent scalpel head cutting amplitude with a smaller drive current and much greater system efficiency;
The scalpel offers a faster cutting speed, less thermal damage, stronger hemostasis, and a sealed-vessel burst pressure superior to similar products;
The scalpel integrates cutting, hemostasis, separating, grabbing and numerous other functions into an all-in-one device for greater surgical efficiency;
Six scalpels of different lengths and styles fully meet the various needs for open and endoscopic surgical procedures, as well as the habits of different surgeons.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Cooperative Study Group Analysis General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 本次分析发现Cooperative Study Group (CSG) 于1963年发表的研究中死亡率并没有明确的定义且治疗方案与后续研究有一定差距， 因此将其纳入敏感性分析研究，按照各个研究样本量的大小（100）和质量评估分数（6分或7分）对死亡率进行敏感性分析；以时间和样本量两个因素对28天死亡率、7天或28天休克逆转率3个指标进行累积meta回归分析，探讨3种指标的动态变化趋势
Translation - English The analysis revealed that the mortality rate indicated in the study published by Cooperative Study Group (CSG) in 1963 was not clearly defined, and that there were certain disparities between the therapeutic regimens [in the 1963 study] and those of subsequent studies. These factors were therefore incorporated into a sensitivity analysis study, wherein a sensitivity analysis of the mortality rate was conducted according to the sample sizes (100) and the quality assessment scores (6 or 7 points) of each of the studies; while a cumulative meta-regression analysis was conducted of 3 indicators (the 28-day mortality rate, and the 7- or 28-day shock reversal rate) using time and sample size in order to explore the dynamic change trends of the 3 indicators.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Rheumatoid Arthritis General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 选取中山大学第二附属医院风湿科就诊的初发RA患者18例。符合1987年美国风湿病学会（ACR）分类标准。其中男性6例，女性12例；年龄30-65岁；进入研究前未用过VitD，糖皮质激素，免疫抑制剂及肿瘤坏死因子拮抗剂，肝肾功能正常。选取18名健康志愿者，其性别和年龄均与RA患者相匹配
Translation - English Eighteen cases meeting the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were selected among patients receiving treatment at the Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University for new-onset RA, including 6 males and 12 females with ages ranging from 30-65 years. Prior to entering the study, none of the patients had taken vitamin D (VitD), glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents or tumor necrosis factor antagonists, and had normal hepatic and renal function. Eighteen healthy volunteers, matching the RA patients in gender and age, were selected.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Climatic Changes to the Central Asian Plains Over Time General field: Science Detailed field: Geology
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 中亚地区是典型的内陆干旱区，荒漠和半荒漠植被占绝了中亚平原地区的绝大部分面积，其植物区系的发展变化与荒漠植被的演化过程存在密切关系。冰川期结束之后的气候变化不仅在山地创造了新的植被类型，同时对平原植被的影响也具有方向性的意义。大面积低地的逐渐干涸并随后开始的地面发展过程是第四纪中亚平原自然地理环境变化的重要阶段。地表沙粘土冲积物上层受到强烈的风化作用，随着沙土的聚集而逐渐形成了沙堆和沙丘。另一方面，随着冲积层表面水系和河谷的缩减，盐分的运移过程加速，原来因河流冲刷而深埋在土壤基质中的盐分由于蒸发的作用开始向地表的土壤层移动，这样因盐的聚集而改变了地表的地球化学基础条件。第三纪不同时期从海水下出露的高平原非常清晰地描绘了这种变化，从周围低地隆起的高地必然地受到周期性的侵蚀和地表冲刷作用，而与之相伴随的是各类风蚀活动。
Translation - English Central Asia is a typical arid inland area, in which the majority of the Central Asian plains are predominantly covered with desert and semidesert vegetation. Developmental changes in its flora are closely associated with the evolutionary process of desert vegetation. Changes in climate following the end of the glacial period not only created new types of vegetation in mountainous regions, such changes were also directionally significant in terms of their impact on the vegetation of the plains. The gradual drying up of large areas of lowlands and the subsequent ground development process were important stages in the changes to the natural geographic environment of the Central Asian plains in the Quaternary period. Intense weathering of the upper layer of the surface, consisting of sandy-clay alluvial deposits, along with the aggregation of sandy soil, gradually formed sand drifts and sand dunes. On the other hand, as surface waters and valleys on the alluvial layer shrunk, the salt migration process accelerated—salt that was originally deeply buried in the soil matrix as a result of river scouring began to migrate to the surface soil layer due to the effects of evaporation. As such, the aggregation of salt changed the basic geochemical conditions of the surface. The emergence of high plains from beneath seawaters at different times during the Tertiary period very clearly illustrates such change. Highlands rising from the surrounding lowlands were inevitably subject to periodical erosion and surface scouring, and accompanied by a variety of wind erosion activity.
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I'm a US-born translator, global adventurer and entrepreneur who lived in Shanghai, China, for 15 years. As a translator, I was professionally trained in China by one of the world's largest corporate law firms and always received very positive feedback about my work from co-workers, supervisors and clients alike. Due to my long professional experience in the legal sector, my attention to detail and my well-developed research skills, prospective clients would be hard-pressed to find a more experienced and skilled legal translator. I specialize in both corporate law (contracts, finance, investment, etc.) and intellectual property law (patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc.).
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